In 1955 an invitation had come which excited his interest in every
way. It was from the Director and Officers of the Fisheries Research
Organisation Laboratory at Jinja in Uganda. Jock's research on
the physiology of reproduction was the reason. The Ugandan Fisheries
people were interested in a problem that arose in relation to
a tasty fresh-water fish of the genus Tilapia. There were
about twenty species of it scattered about Africa: and since
1939, from, it seems, five fish found mysteriously swimming in
a lagoon in Java, a huge spread of this East Africa species Tilapia
mossambica had occured throughout the islands of the East
Indies; and since the War, throughout all the territories previously
occupied by the Japanese, who were very impressed by it. After
the War it was cultured in Formosa as well. In some species of
Tilapia the female gathers up the eggs into her mouth where
they are incubated. In these 'mouth-brooding' species the eggs
only take a few days to hatch and during this period a captured
female often drops the golden eggs from her mouth. Two of the
strange fish in the lagoon in Java were females and seem to have
been responsible for this astonishing population explosion. In
countries where fish is an important source of protein this seemed
a gift from the gods. But the gift held danger.
Jock sketched in the background to the investigation in a B.B.C.
Third Program talk after he returned:
'After the war, the spread of the alien Tilapia was helped
by officers of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United
Nations. More than 150,000 pamphlets on how to culture Tilapia
were distributed. It was now known that Tilapia mossambica
would eat all kinds of unlikely substances, including waste, such
as rice bran, the residue from copra and all sorts of easily gathered
vegetables as well ... Tilapia, flourishing in almost any
sort of pond, ditch or tank, was spread into the Philippines,
Southern Indonesia, India and Ceylon. From Malaya it was taken
to St. Lucia in the West Indies.'
From there it colonised many of the islands. There seemed no
drawback to this amazing breeding machine at first, except that
it would not tolerate low water temperature. Even in its native
Africa several species had been removed from lakes into ponds,
dams and ditches. But in these places and in ponds throughout
its whole tropical invasion area a mysterious drawback was appearing.
'A very unexpected and peculiar thing happens when you take Tilapia
from its normal lake, or deep river habitat and put it in a pond
or dam. It runts (as they say). That is, its growth rate slows
down, and species that reach say fifteen inches in their natural
waters undergo radical metabolic changes in fish-ponds, where
they start reproducing, and almost stop growing, upon reaching
a length of four or five inches. The result is that ponds become
filled with thousands of comparative tiddlers, so defeating partially
at least the object of their cultivation.
In their native waters the various species of Tilapia
behave as do most vertebrate animals (including ourselves) in
regard to growth and reproduction. That is, they have a relatively
unvarying period of growth, and then, at a fairly constant age
and size, become sexually mature and begin to reproduce. There
is much that we still do not understand about the factors influencing
these events, even in much studied vertebrates like birds, rodents,
rabbits and ourselves ... There comes a time in each individual,
at an age and size varying between species, that the anterior
pituitary produces gonadotropic hormones. These, liberated into
the bloodstream, flow to the gonads or sex organs. These they
influence to secrete sex hormones, which in turn play an essential
part in the process of gametogenesis - the ripening of ova and
sperm - and reproduction. In ponds the normal growth and reproduction
rhythms are somehow upset. For example, in dams and ponds some
species of Tilapia become sexually mature when only a
couple of inches long. At the same time they almost, but not
quite, stop growing. As some species of Tilapia breed
all the year round, you can imagine the result - enormous numbers
of fecund dwarfs or runts. In very few countries are these considered
to be desirable as food fish. So now the pendulum has swung the
other way: people are not so keen to introduce Tilapia
and to disrupt, as importations usually do, the native fauna.'
So Jock went off to Africa. He was very happy. It was a new
adventure, physically and scientifically; he had never seen Africa
beyond Cairo before, and he had never studied a fish in detail
before.
He arrived in Uganda on July 8th 1955, and travelled to Jinja
on the northern shore of Lake Victoria. The Fisheries Research
Station sat, as it still does (now locked and apparently deserted),
on the shore overlooking the vast expanse of lake. Jock was installed
in a house of his own a few yards from the laboratory. Each staff
house was much the same, and comfortable. His was bare except
for a lot of good functional furniture, a few curtains and linen.
'Today I took up some laboratory beakers and filled them with
cream tuber-roses and scarlet salvia, and the pale yellow zinnias
with purple flowers that I couldn't identify; and the place now
looks rather better.' He was showing his home-making instincts
again. He loved flowers. 'The place abounds with flowers - European
and tropical; and everywhere there are sweeping green lawns and
clipped hedges. In front of the laboratory and down the slope
is a bay of the lake; and, in between, there are lots of big
indigenous trees.' He was to be looked after by Sylvester who
cost him the princely sum of 80 shillings a month, washed his
clothes and 'paraded in the evenings with a flit-spray.' He bought
biscuits and skipped breakfast and ate dinner in a hotel 'with
lots of horribly "good home cooking" .' He found the
opportunities for research that were being given to him remarkably
good. 'I have a research room to myself overlooking the bay,
a phase-contrast mike as good as that which we use at Bart's and
everybody is being as helpful as they possibly can be. I still
haven't quite got used to the incredible relative comfort of it
all - compared, for example, with New Guinea or the New Hebrides.'
Jock's view of equatorial Africa had been coloured by those experiences.
He expected it to be wild, uncomfortable, disease-ridden and
dangerous. It was all of those things in many places. But, despite
his reading, he was unprepared for the success of colonial enterprise
in the cities and larger towns of the East, or the comfort with
which the invasive white society had been able to surround themselves,
in a style utterly different from the more primitive white enclaves
around the fringes of Melanesia twenty years before. Uganda was
peaceful at that time. Those Ugandans who remember the colonial
government, which was doubtless quite undemocratic, must nevertheless
think of it as benevolent compared with the excesses of brutality
and horror visited on them later by their dictator, Idi Amin,
and in lesser degree by some who have followed him. But in 1955
there seemed no sign of such a future. The fisheries research
program on Tilapia was a good cause - to improve the diet
of deprived populations. Jock found all the people working there
on their various projects enthusiastic and hard-working; 'but
Beauchamp [the Director] is hamstrung with the administrative
difficulties & irritations inseparable from colonial services.'
He started work. He could see that his research would tie in
beautifully with certain aspects of that of the other scientists,
particularly Dr Humphrey Greenwood, a young South African who
became a friend and later worked in the British Museum of Natural
History in London, but in Jinja was 'just beginning to get his
teeth into serious research.' He had a 'high regard' for Jock
as a scientist and wrote of his visit: 'His stay in Uganda was
unforgettable. Our fields of research, although concerned with
different animals and involving different approaches to the problems,
overlapped quite extensively. So, at last I had an intellectual
companion with whom to argue, test-out ideas, and always get straight
answers, and criticism, uncluttered by the supposed niceties of
English-brand politeness. His presence in the highly stratified
and socially incestuous atmosphere of a British outpost society
was a great morale booster for another "Colonial" somewhat
baffled by it all. As a companion in the field he was superb.'
Jock was excited that he would be able to start off several investigations
of his own in relation to breeding seasons. 'This place swarms
with insectivorous bats and they are a major pest for they live
in the houses and their guano bulges the ceilings down. I have
already got about a dozen to start off an investigation of the
cycle of an equatorial mammal. You'll remember we did one in
Ceylon at about 7 deg. and one in the New Hebrides at about the
same latitude. This will be right on the equator and
the only such job that has ever been done with a mammal or any
vertebrate for that matter. Then there are the fishes (two species
at least to work with, out of many more that are possible); and
I hope to start off something on a reptile, an amphibian and a
bird.'
He was glad, too, to experience some of Africa for the first time.
The Rippon Falls, where Speke and Burton had seen the huge bulk
of Lake Victoria's water sliding over rocks to become the White
Nile, were just at the edge of Jinja township - and about to be
lost under the water of the dam, almost completed downstream.
In fact, when Jock came back a year later the scene had been
obliterated under a sheet of water. Out on the lake, setting
fishing nets, he met hippopotami, a large family, which nearly
upset the boat. 'They would have been exceedingly easy to shoot
- and if that is big-game shooting, I want none of it - occasionally
the odd one comes up grazing the grass in front of the lab. -
they can be savage if disturbed and inflict a bad wound (among
the zinnia beds: a nice thought!)'
After ten days collecting and working at the Fisheries Laboratory
he moved on to Arusha in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) - a small town
near the large game reserves and not far from Mount Kilimanjaro.
There he was to meet H.J. (John) Disney, an officer of the Department
of Agriculture in Tanganyika who had been studying a small weaver-bird,
Quelea quelea. Disney was engaged in full time research
into the biology and control of this bird. Like Tilapia,
Quelea's success in massive reproduction was an enormous
problem - and had been since its first recorded history. The
charming little bird, hovering at the opening of its ball-like
nest, was a ubiquitous pest over large areas of the drier parts
of Africa. 'It often exists in such large numbers that flocks
are mistaken for locusts. A single breeding colony may consist
of more than one million birds building as many as 250 nests to
a single thorn bush over a closely bushed area of perhaps four
square miles of uninhabited country. Although Q. quelea
is less than five inches long and weighs little more than half
an once, a large flock may make a physical impact sufficient to
devastate an area of timber, snapping branches several inches
in thickness.' The species was doing great damage to small grain
crops such as wheat, rice, sorghum and millet. At times it was
responsible for famines of varying severity. Much attention was
being paid to the biology and control of Q. quelea in French
West Africa, South Africa and Tanganyika. Explosives, flame-throwers
and poison sprays have were used on roosts in attempts to reduce
its numbers. Both Jock and the Tanganyika Government were interested
in trying to discover more about the environmental and physiological
factors which might be responsible for such reproductive success.
On July 22nd he and John Disney set up a photo stimulation experiment
with three cages of Queliea. They agreed on some investigations
and later published papers together; 'It will be very good for
him to get a few publications out - he is an excellent man for
the job that he is doing and, I think, is not appreciated here
as much as he should be.' Disney also showed Jock some of the
great African animals roaming Ngorogoro crater and he 'showed
me giraffe au naturel - they are as incredible in the bush
as they are in the zoo.'
Then he went to the farm of his pre-war friend, Raymond Hook,
in Kenya. It straddled the equator at Nanyuki. Raymond, it seemed,
had not changed a bit since the days of his slightly mad and unsuccessful
bid to start cheetah racing in England. He had two farms and
a thriving mixed business selling dairy products, beef, mutton,
ghee to the Indians, and wild animals, birds, reptiles etc..
Jock thought this a magnificent place to work - 'dead on
the equator & it abounds in animals that are really easy to
collect. Raymond is quite keen to cooperate, & knowing him,
it will be done conscientiously.' He was delighted at the prospect
of the work ahead - 'If all goes well I will get more out of this
small trip than the whole expedition of us did in the N. Hebrides
- a show that was launched at tremendous expense & achieved,
in fact, relatively little in the way of concrete conclusions.'
There was another aspect of conditions on the two farms which
interested Jock very much - the threat of Mau Mau attack. Like
all other settlers, Hook had a small watch tower and his house
was perimetered with barbed wire and thorn bushes. He kept a
private army of 5 armed natives and carried his own firearms.
'He obviously doesn't care a dam for the Maus ("Mickys"
= mice) & in fact runs an espionage service & reports
their movements to HQ.' Hook was told by Army Intelligence that
he was number two on the list of human sacrifice - number one
had just recently been buried alive. So far, however, he had
not even been shot at and did not lock his door. He was a first
class shot and they did not like risking casualties, he employed
many Mau Mau and so funds regularly reached the terrorists amongst
them from his farm, and they probably liked him because he treated
his labour well. 'As, however, they must know he sets spies on
them it would seem that it is only a matter of time before they
have a real go at him.' Many years later Jock had a letter -
he was well.
Interspersed with bird and other animal notes Jock ran a commentary
on what he thought about this state of war. He noted that Raymond's
chief-boy was a Somali, as were his staff at the lower farm -
'he can't trust Kikuyus'. Also that the women were promised freedom
from serfdom when the Kikuyus took over.' It seemed the Mau Mau
were unwilling on the whole to attack those who appeared able
to protect themselves despite their atavistic addiction to dark
oaths of violence, taken within secret societies, against all
who opposed them - a situation in which many of their own unarmed
and helpless people were brutally slaughtered. The army had been
ineffectually trying to track and dig them out of hiding for years.
'From conversations I have had it would seem that each patrol
has a restricted area to look after & that it goes out just
before first light & starts to come back at 4 p.m.!!!'
None of this stopped Raymond and Jock continuing their collections
of birds and snakes. At the same time there was much talk with
other settlers of 'the feeble methods employed by the military',
which stirred Jock's old jungle-training emotions, so they were
also working at the possibility of him joining a patrol to find
out at first hand what was going on. Surprisingly they succeeded.
So he went off on August 3rd with a platoon and four black trackers,
three of whom were ex-Mau Mau. The loads were transferred from
lorries to horses and they went up through bamboo forests under
Mount Kenya; 'the horses were making so much row in the thick
bamboo - their loads were constantly catching in it - that even
if the noise and lights of our lorry had not scared every Mau
Mau for miles, certainly our latter progress would.' The five
days he spent with them simply confirmed what he had been told.
The only excitement came from 'a magnificent bull buffalo', a
dangerously aggressive animal, which he photographed riskily.
He returned with a deep contempt for the ineptitude of the exercises
'coupled with a renewed curious affection, for the English as
fighting men.'
A few days later he was in Uganda: 'Jinja. Back "home"
- Sylvester, resplendent in tangerine shirt, apple-green apron
& cord pants of a colour to be described as "warm"
greeted me with a hot bath & a house full of lovely red-purple
Bougainvillea.'
He was immediately checking on the experiments he and Bob Beauchamp
had set up on Tilapia: 'we acquired a nice population
of runts and are at the moment giving half of them 12 hours intensive
photo-stimulation, while the others are in dim light of an intensity
that might be expected at about 30 feet below the lake. Will
the latter begin growing? Later I hope to get a population of
young from the lake and do likewise - to see whether we can produce
runting artificially.' They also started preserving fish in earnest
for later microscopic study back at Bart's. Dr Beauchamp, who
had been in London for a brief trip, told me Jock was 'a constant
breath of fresh air to them all' - made them laugh too. Jock
was enjoying himself. He liked Uganda; it reminded him of Queensland
- 'they are much more stuffy and 'English' in Kenya where, of
course, all the trouble is.'
Now he needed to map out the work to be done in collaboration
with other workers in the field. 'This will have been probably
the most profitable - professionally - three months of my life.'
He was so enthralled by the work, the country and the people
that he felt ambivalent about his departure on August 29th. 'I
won't be glad to leave here; but will be v. glad to be going
home! I can hardly wait to see the babes & Janey; &
particularly to see what has happened to little Doyne [Donald]
during the past two months - there is bound to be an enormous
difference ...'. On the second trip to Africa the following year
he admitted having nightmares about the safety of the children.
During a nasty bout of malaria complicated by a painful "Veldt
sore" - 'I didn't sleep & had awful thoughts of Mickey
[Michelle] & Doyne finding & eating aspirins in Janey's
absence ( [she] left for France on the 21st) & at one particularly
sweating stage thought of the babes being attacked by a gaboon
viper!' And later, having got letters to say the children were
bursting with health - 'I am relieved; tho' I expected they would
be. But I sweated several times on night railway journeys, in
the early hours, when I woke up & wondered about all the things
that might happen to the little people.'
So often thoughtless of his own safety he was constantly tuned
to the welfare and safety of the young. He worried more than
I did - made me seem almost careless at times - about danger to
the children's lives. I had made a strong argument for the children
and myself to go with him to Jinja, since a cottage was being
provided - but he was so worried about the equatorial environment
and tsetse fly for the children that in the end I did not persist.
It is easy, in retrospect, to think I should have persisted for
shared travel more often than I did, but I know at the time I
was only mildly ruffled. There were many compensations. I was
occupied with children and work, I could paint more often sometimes,
I could travel to the country when time allowed, I was never bored;
he was happy, he missed us and deprivation made for glowing homecomings.
He needed to feel a sense of adventure and travelling with a
spouse would rarely fulfil that need for a man like him. I did
travel, but only three times with him in Europe - Africa and more
exotic destinations had to wait. Planning for the children's
safety was very important to him, though there was a certain dichotomy
in this attitude. He also liked the idea that they should learn
to meet challenges - ride horses, climb trees. This had a disconcerting
result on one occasion at least, when our youngest daughter aged
five, having learned with gusto to climb like her sister and brother,
was discovered about fifteen feet up a Norfolk Island pine tree
and within eighteen inches of power lines. Jock went up after
her to persuade her to come down rather than go up. Back safely
with her on the ground, he said rather weakly 'That was fear.'
This second journey to Africa was in the same months as before
- late July, August and September - in order to check on the experiments.
He settled in: 'lovely frangipani again, tuber-roses (which
go with old geraniums in my house & impart a faint though
heavy scent when I come home) ... And the Southern Cross again
- it looked v. v. good to me!' His thoughts were turning towards
the southern hemisphere once more. He was amused to find his
new house boy was called "Jacana". Jacana is a light,
long-legged, spidery-toed bird which walks across the carpets
of lily leaves that spread over water, and predictably attracts
the name "Christ bird". Jock's Jacana was just released
from jail for being drunk and disorderly and for getting mixed
up in an enthusiastic fight in front of the local picture show
- 'but who am I to complain?'
The collections which had been accumulating during the year came
in and there was a huge amount of work to be done. He was pleased
and confident of good results, though there was disappointment
concerning the Tilapia study. On August 12th he wrote
a cryptic note: 'This place is going to be closed. See Hardy
[Sir Alister], [and] J.Z.Young when I get back - establish a 3-university
Biological Research Station? It could be a marvellous place from
that point of view.' It could have been; but in 1956 there were
already stirrings for Ugandan independence, which, in fact, was
only six years away. Since 1952 there had been a political party
amalgamating many tribes. The British Colonial authorities could
see the signs; they were taking no risks with further funding.
Sadly many scientific collaborations eventually sank under the
increasing turmoil of Ugandan politics. We were unhappy about
this situation on a personal level as well, because Jock had planned
that we should all go to Uganda together for the next phase of
the work.
It would not now be possible to get conclusive results from the
fish program. However, other work was 'going beautifully; I
was up till 3 last night working on graphs showing the continuous
reproductions of bats and the almost similar condition in cormorants.
That's material for two papers.' Then he was going to Raymond
Hook's farm to see what he had in the way of lizards, frogs, toads
and glossy starlings; and then on to Dodoma to look at Quelea.
'I believe that the series of studies that are under way will
make our rather primitive and Bakerish New Hebridean effort look
like an essay by a member of the biology class at the Tooting
Grammar School. Certain I am getting results, whereas the best
we could conclude in the New Hebrides was that tropical breeding
seasons seem to be "controlled by factors not registrable
by the senses or instruments of Man" (I said "we",
but I was just a kid and John did all the analysis and the final
report without consulting anybody else).' He was particularly
happy with the experiment he designed and Disney had carried out
on Quelea at Dodoma: '- it seems that it is undoubtedly
the appearance of fresh grass that is the chief factor,
apart from plumage change & gonad condition, that allows reproduction.
This experiment may become a minor classic in the subject?'
'He was the first person to show experimentally, the importance
of rainfall to an equatorial bird' wrote Professor Brian Lofts
in 1967.
While in Tanzania he also visited Dar es Salam at the invitation
of the Government Fisheries people. As one of the men he particularly
wanted to see was in the field he went across to Zanzibar while
awaiting his return. He felt lyrical about this lovely little
island - 'exuberantly Arabic & itself. It reeks of slave
history, with one or two old women still alive who were rescued
from dhows towards the end of the century.' He was also fascinated
by preparations in Zanzibar and Dar es Salam for the impending
visit of Princess Margaret - '(Charlie's Aunt). It would appear
that in Jamaica she got the squitters, & the most fantastic
precautions are being taken in E. Africa to guard the Royal Colon.'
Back in Jinja he went to a British Medical Association meeting
- and saw two examples of Nakalanga dwarfs. He was very interested
in the side effect of a worm that attacks the liver of these forest
people. The side-effect seemed to be deleterious 'in relation
to both growth and sexual development.' He spoke at the meeting
and also told the medical officer at the local hospital that if
he could get material they might do something on it. He seemed
keen but it was hard to get a cadaver. They did get one eventually
- although it arrived badly preserved. He should have been visiting
the hospital for other reasons too - the "Veldt" sore
which had been bothering him before he left Jinja was still not
healed. There was only one week left to departure and he could
have cleared it up with penicillin injections but 'I just haven't
the time for a daily visit to the hospital - I am going absolutely
flat out to clear up all the numerous tag-ends.' It healed slowly
in London but gave him a souvenir, added to those of the Barrier
Reef & Santo, 'that I will carry to my grave.'
One morning just before he left for Uganda there had been a more
potentially serious problem: 'I am waiting to go across to St
Mark's Hospital to see Naunton Morgan who is operating there.
Last night in my bath I discovered myself apparently possessed
of three testes. This would be excellent if it were a natural
phenomenon! ; actually, however, it is clearly the result of
new tissue formed in the region of the right epididymis. I saw
no reason to tell Janey, but rang to see where Naunton is today.
It can probably be one of two things - cyst or carcinoma. I
hope the former. If the latter, I will have to re-arrange my
whole program towards money-making for the future of the young
since the thing is so big.' He made a sketch about the size of
a ten cent piece. It was all so practical - seemingly unemotional;
it was his way of dealing with his own bodily traumas. By the
afternoon it was 'Fine: cyst. Apparently you can tell by shining
a torch-light through. Transparency = cyst.' We could then laugh
about it.
Back from Uganda in London and happy with the radiant appearance
of his children - he immediately set to work on the collections
of Munia which had arrived from Kuching and became seriously
worried. He wrote to Tom Harrisson. 'I dissected all of the
gonads out, but found, as I suspected, the organs were in a mushy
disintegrating state because the bellies had not been sufficiently
slit in order to expose all of the viscera to the fixative. You
will recall how, in the New Hebrides, we took great care to do
this.' The light experiment had not been successfully completed
in Kuching either: 'As soon as I cut sections I will know whether
it is possible to get any results or not. It will be exceedingly
irritating if all this work at both ends has gone down the drain.'
He was more angry at this situation than he otherwise might have
been because the work on Quelea quelea had gone so smoothly.
However, earlier in 1955 Tom had asked him to come out to Kuching;
had he been able to spare the time to do that a great many on-
going difficulties could perhaps have been avoided. But he wrote
to Tom in December of that year, in answer to Tom's announcement
that he was returning to England again, saying that the latest
work had turned out better than expected.
Tom did return in 1956 and we were part of a small wedding party
that celebrated his marriage to Barbara Guttler Brunig on March
14th. Jock and Tom were warmly amusing and rude with each other
as ever, but when the couple returned to Borneo we never saw Tom
again. Letters, which had up to this time been fairly frequent
and as usual part business-like and part friendly, funny, acrimonious,
now became more sparse. A few detailed ones from Jock, notes
from Tom - until in May 1959, an angry letter from Tom concerning
accusations from Jock that Tom was holding up publication. A
long rejoinder from Jock a few days later: 'I am not only "suggesting"
that you are holding up the work. I am specifically saying that
you have done so. I don't give a damn if you did ten, not three
(as you say) times as much as it was originally asked. The fact
remains that you have neglected to send the information repeatedly
asked for, that would have made it possible for us to publish
... I repeat that we have first class data; but must have intelligent
cooperation from your end in order to tie it up.' Tom had acquired
a cassowary. Jock ended 'I trust ... that my friend B. is not
finding the menage a trois too irksome. My love to the
cassowary. Floreat Hog Harbour!' A friendly note from Tom indicated
that everything was clearer to him; he would be away in the Caves
for two to three months but would 'get back to tackling your points
in detail.' There is no evidence that he did get back to the
detail and two to three months was not what Jock had in mind.
In the three years since they had left each other at the wedding
both had been driving their lives at speed in quite different
ways. Tom had complicated his with a Kelabit marriage so that
the menage was not merely 'a trois' but something different and
perhaps disintegrating. This was the end of the project, except
for a cool note from Jock saying that he had been appointed to
Monash and would try to call in at Kuching, and perhaps then they
would be able to get the Munia studies off the ground
again. It was the end of correspondence. It was also the end
of a friendship - although, had they met again, it may have sparked
into life. The joint venture drawn out over eight years had come
to nothing like the joint New Hebridean bird work and the frustrated
expedition to New Guinea. They had always had an ability to work
up ideas together into a bubbling yeast which really excited them,
but once it was on the move their different personalities and
attitude to the work became antipathetic to co-operation and in
the end deadening. Yet there had always been that strange rapport
which gave excitement, fun and sometimes comfort to shared experiences
- and for Tom a compassionate ear for his emotional troubles (which
Jock undoubtedly had, for all his tough honesty - although he
would not bare his own emotional soul so easily). But that long
distance protracted Munia study fell victim again to their differing
personal, scientific and career aims.